The Ancient Tradition

Noteworthy Scholars

Noteworthy scholars are listed in alphabetical order.  Selected works are linked to e-copies on Internet Archive, where they can be read if they are in the public domain or “borrowed” like a library book if they are not (requires sign-up).  If the book is not available on Internet Archive, a link to the book on Amazon.com (no commission) is provided.

James P. Allen

Allen is the Charles Edwin Wilbour Professor of Egyptology at Brown University, Department of Egyptology and Assyriology, and past curator for the Department of Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.  From 2008 to 2015, he served as the President of the International Association of Egyptologists.

Why did Allen make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Allen, a expert in ancient Egyptian, made the list for translating the oldest known collection of religious writings, the ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, into readable English, thereby elucidating for English readers a treasure of incalculable worth- knowledge of the constitution of one of the world’s earliest religious traditions, a potent echo of The Ancient Tradition.  

 

“Overall, the Pyramid Texts give the impression of a corpus that had been in use for some time before it was inscribed in Unis’s pyramid…The Pyramid Texts are largely concerned with the deceased’s relationship to two gods, Osiris and [Ra]…recent research has shown that both belong to a single concept of the deceased’s eternal existence after death- a view of the afterlife that remained remarkably consistent throughout ancient Egyptian history…The Sun’s daily movement through the sky was viewed as a journey from birth to death, and his rebirth at dawn was made possible through Osiris, the force of new life.”

Selected Works

Margaret Barker

Barker

Why did Barker make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Barker…

Selected Works

Joseph Campbell

Campbell

Why did Campbell make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Campbell…

Selected Works

Richard J. Clifford

Clifford

Why did Clifford make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Clifford…

“In the ancient civilizations from Egypt to India and beyond, the mountain can be a center of fertility, the primeval hillock of creation, the meeting place of the gods, the dwelling place of the high god, the meeting place of heaven and earth, the monument effectively upholding the order of creation, the place where god meets man, a place of theophany.”

“In Canaan and in the Hebrew Bible, some mountains are given religious veneration.  Certain texts and artistic works evidence the reason for the veneration paid to the mountains.  These heights can be the meeting place of the gods, the source of water and fertility, the battleground of conflicting natural forces, the meeting place of heaven and earth, the place where effective decrees are issued.  In these senses, the mountains are cosmic, that is, involved in the government and stability of the cosmos.”

“The Canaanite storm-god, Baal-Hadad, lives on Mount Zaphon…Zaphon…is the scene of battle, is ultimately impregnable, is the place where the deity has his temple/palace and exercises kingship…”

“…Zaphon…was the repository of a story of conflict with dragons (Herodotus III.5).  In Hittite myth, Hazzi (Zaphon), is also the scene of strife with monsters.  In Greek myth, Zeus (=Baal) fights with Typhon and other monsters on his holy mountain Kasios (= Zaphon).  In CTA 1.5, an obscure passage, Baal fights on Zaphon.  In PRU, II, 1, Baal slays the dragon.”

“Baal will seek the temple for his holy place, on the mountain which he has acquired by his victory over the forces of evil…Baal’s kingship is established by the decree of El, and by the building of the palace/[temple]…”

“In the Hebrew bible, the cosmic mountain presents itself most dramatically in the beliefs surrounding Mount Zion…the place which god has chosen for his dwelling place, the place protected in a special way from enemies who can only stand at its base and rage, the place of battle where God’s enemies will be defeated, the place where god dwells, where fertilizing streams come forth.”

Selected Works

Mircea Eliade

Before his death, Eliade served as Chairman of the Department of the History of Religions at the University of Chicago and was the Sewell L. Avery Distinguished Service Professor in the Divinity School.  In 1985, the University of Chicago established the Mircea Eliade Chair in the History of Religions in his honor.

Why did Eliade make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Eliade…

“…we everywhere find the symbolism of the Center of the world…This…symbolism of the center explains…[a] series of cosmological images and religious beliefs. Among these the most important are: (a) holy sites and sanctuaries are believed to be situated at the center of the world; (b) temples are replicas of the cosmic mountain and hence constitute the pre-eminent “link” between earth and heaven…Suffice it to say that…cosmicizing a space by projection of the horizons or by installation of the axis mundi– is…documented in the most archaic stages of culture…”  

“…even in the archaic stages of culture, initiation plays a leading role in the religious formation of man, and more especially that in essence it consists in a complete change in the novice’s ontological status.  This fact seems to us of the greatest importance for an understanding of religious man; it shows that the man of the primitive societies does not consider himself “finished” as he finds himself “given” on the natural level of existence.  To become a man in the proper sense he must die to this first (natural) life and be reborn to a higher life…for all archaic societies, access to spirituality finds expression in a symbolism of death and a new birth.”

Selected Works

Neil Forsyth

Forsyth

Why did Forsyth make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Forsyth…

 

Selected Works

Rene Guenon

A French intellectual, born in 1886, Guenon spent his life examining the world’s religious traditions, writing over 20 books on the secularization of modern society, metaphysics, spiritual initiation, and sacred symbols.  Few writers have matched the rigor and depth with which he addressed these subjects.

Why did Guenon make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Guenon’s masterpiece on initiation is a tour-de-force to be reckoned with by anyone interested in discerning The Ancient Tradition.  Drawing from a cadre of ancient wisdom traditions spanning the globe (shaman, Indian, Chinese, Hellenic, Judaic, Christian, Islamic, Hermetic, etc.), Guenon demonstrated that a primordial religious tradition characterized by initiation, or an initiatory path of spiritual rebirth reserved for the spiritually qualified, was visible among the major religious traditions of the past- and of today, and constituted a core doctrine, if not the core doctrine among them.  Although we find Guenon’s research absolutely compelling and foundational to our own contentions, we strongly contest Guenon’s claim that this primordial initiatic tradition was valid under “diverse forms” (pg. 65, Perspectives on Initiation), a claim which we find internally inconsistent with his argument that, “in principle there is but one unique Tradition…there can be only one initiation” (pg. 65, Perspectives on Initiation).  Unlike Guenon, we argue that such “diverse forms” are evidence of corruption at its worst and degeneration at its best, of an authentic, pure, initiatic religious tradition- which we coin, The Ancient Tradition.  In this light, we contend that either none of the initiatic traditions of today are truly orthodox due to the high probability of degeneration over millennia, or, that one tradition was, against all odds, able to triumph over temporal entropy and perfectly preserve the primordial initiatic tradition in orthodox form- a prospect we find highly doubtful.  In our view, most initiatic traditions today are remnants of the original, not the original.  Considering, however, that the divine revealed the initiatic tradition in its pure form to human beings in the beginning, a point that should not be underestimated (because it implies the divine considered it of supreme importance, even essential to the full realization of human potential), we find it much more probable that the divine would, from time to time (because of it’s essential nature) need to reveal The Ancient Tradition anew to human beings depending on the degenerative state of society and/or the degenerative state of the initiatic form itself.  This should not surprise human beings considering ALL spiritual “knowledge”, by its transcendent nature, comes, and can only come, via revelation.  Anyone who claims otherwise does not understand the true constitution of the spiritual.  Therefore, we contend that it is completely possible that the pure initiatic tradition- The Ancient Tradition– is alive and well in the present day, however, we would expect that the adherents of that tradition would claim divine revelation to be the source rather than person-to-person transmission over millennia.

“…we have said that affiliation with a regular traditional organization is not only a necessary condition of initiation but even constitutes initiation itself in the strictest sense as defined by the etymology of the word, and which is everywhere represented as a ‘second birth’ or as a ‘regeneration’: a ‘second birth’ because it opens to the being a world other than that in which the activity of its corporeal modality is exercised, a world that will provide the field for the development of its higher possibilities; and a ‘regeneration’ because it re-establishes for this being the prerogatives that were natural and normal in the first ages of humanity, when man had not yet fallen away from his original spirituality…it will lead to the restoration in him of the ‘primordial state’, which is the fullness and perfection of human[s]…”

Selected Works

Arthur Maurice Hocart

Hocart

Why did Hocart make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Hocart…

Selected Works

David A. Leeming

Leeming

Why did Leeming make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Leeming…

Selected Works

William Richard Lethaby

Lethaby

Why did Lethaby make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Lethaby…

Selected Works

Everett Theodore Mullen, Jr.

Mullen

Why did Mullen make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Mullen…

Selected Works

Jeremy Naydler

Naydler

Why did Naydler make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Naydler…

Selected Works

Andrei A. Orlov

Orlov

Why did Orlov make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Orlov…

Selected Works

Marinus Anthony Van Der Sluijs

Doctorandus in Comparative and Historical Linguistics from Leiden University, Netherlands.  Consulting Scholar with the Near Eastern Department of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

Why did Van Der Sluijs make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Van der Sluijs spent two decades scouring the historical record, drawing almost exclusively from primary sources, for the world’s oldest cosmologies- a massive scholarly undertaking for which we think he should be highly commended.  Upon compiling the sources into the world’s most comprehensive inventory of traditional cosmologies, he then categorized them into over 400 common themes, whereby he revealed indisputable evidence of a worldwide “unified archaic cosmology”- a single story of the creation and its constitution told all over the world.  His work is especially important because it empirically substantiates many of Mircea Eliade’s conclusions which were perceived by some to be lacking empirically.  Although we do not agree with Van der Sluijs’ hypothesis regarding the origin of traditional cosmology, his work has been invaluable in establishing the backdrop upon which The Ancient Tradition was understood and conveyed.  Van der Sluijs writes,

“…it emerges that people of all creeds and colors have sustained surprisingly similar notions about the origin, the constitution and the destiny of the cosmos…the majority of motifs indentified in this work recur on different continents and enjoy a practically universal attestation.  This justifies one to speak of a globally consistent set of traditional ideas concerning cosmology- a unified archaic cosmology.”

Selected Works

Paul Wheatley

Before his death, Wheatley was a Professor of Geography and History at University of California at Berkeley, University College London and the University of Chicago.  In 1974 he was awarded the Citation for Meritorious Contributions to the Field of Geography by the Association of American Geographers.

Why did Wheatley make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Wheatley made the list for a masterful chapter (Chapter 5) on the cosmological symbolism of the ancient Chinese city in The Pivot of the Four Quarters, a highly influential work on the historical geography of Asia.“Throughout the continent of Asia…there was…a tendency for kingdoms, capitals, temples, shrines, and so forth, to be constructed as replicas for the cosmos…Prominent among the morphological features which the ideal-type Chinese city shared…were cardinal orientation, cardinal axiality, and a more or less square perimeter delimited by a massive wall.  In China this scheme, glimpsed even in the plans of some of the earliest cities, was most apparent in the design of the imperial capitals…”

Selected Works

Geo Widengren

Widengren

Why did Widengren make our list of noteworthy scholars?

Widengren…

Selected Works

The Ancient Tradition

thancienttradition.com

 

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